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* I. Newton,[[BR]]
''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''
(3rd edition, Roy. Soc., 1726),
Book 3, Prop. 19, Prob. 3, pp. 412--416.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=0xYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA412 [[BR]]
English translation:
''Newton's Principia:
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'',
by A. Motte
(Adee, New York, 1848), pp. 405--409.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=KaAIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA405
* Jac. Bernoulli,[[BR]]
''Solutio sex problematum fraternorum [Solution of six problems posed by
my brother]'',
Acta Erud. 226--232 (1698),
in ''Jacobi Bernoulli, Basileensis, Opera'', Vol. 2 (Cramer, Geneva, 1744),
pp 796--806 + figures.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=TvJaAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA226 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=CPEuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA794
* Jean Bernoulli,[[BR]]
''In superficie quacunque curva ducere lineam inter duo
puncta brevissimam [Drawing the shortest line between
two points on a curved surface]'',
letter to S. Klingenstierna (1728),
in ''Johannis Bernoulli, Opera Omnia'', Vol. 4 (Bousquet, Geneva, 1742),
108--128.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Yw1bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA108 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/bernoulli28-fig.pdf
* L. Godin,[[BR]]
''Méthode pratique de tracer sur terre un parallele par un degré de
latitude donné [A practical method of drawing a given circle of
latitude]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris,
223--232 (1733, publ. 1735).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=GOAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA223
* J. Cassini,[[BR]]
''De la carte de la France et de la perpendiculaire a la méridienne
de Paris [The map of France and the perpendicular to the meridian of
Paris]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris,
389--405 (1733, publ. 1735).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=GOAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA389
* A. C. Clairaut,[[BR]]
''Détermination géométrique de la perpendiculaire à la méridienne
tracée par M. Cassini [Geometrical determination of the perpendicular
to the meridian drawn by Jacques Cassini]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris,
406--416 (1733, publ. 1735).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=GOAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA406 [[BR]]
alt: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3530m/f566
* A. C. Clairaut,[[BR]]
''Suite d'un Mémoire donné en 1733, qui a pour titre: Détermination
géométrique de la perpendiculaire à la méridienne tracée, &c
[Continuation of a paper presented in 1733 entitled: Geometrical
determination of the perpendicular to the meridian, etc.]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, 83--96 (1739, publ. 1741).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=5OAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA83 [[BR]]
alt: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3536g/f183
* A. C. Clairaut,[[BR]]
''Théorie de la Figure de la Terre Tirée des Principes de
l'Hydrostatique [The Theory of the Figure of the Earth Drawn from
Hydrostatic Principles]''
(Durand, Paris, 1743).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=X6wWAAAAQAAJ
* L. Euler,[[BR]]
''Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate
gaudentes [A method for finding curved lines enjoying properties of
maximum or minimum]''
(Bousquet, Lausanne, 1744).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=dA1bAAAAQAAJ [[BR]]
alt: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/pages/E065.html [[BR]]
figures: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/docs/originals/E065h
pp. 15, 17, 19, 21, 23.[[BR]]
German translation: by A. Aycock and A. Diener.[[BR]]
http://eulerarchive.maa.org/docs/translations/E065de.pdf
* L. Euler,[[BR]]
''Principes de la trigonométrie sphérique tirés de la méthode des
plus grands et plus petits [Principles of spherical trigonometry
taken from the method of maxima and minima]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Berlin '''9''',
223--257 (1753, publ. 1755).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 [[BR]]
figures: https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA361 [[BR]]
alt: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/pages/E214.html [[BR]]
English translation: by G. W. Heine.[[BR]]
http://eulerarchive.maa.org/docs/translations/E214en.pdf [[BR]]
German translation: ''Grundzüge der sphärischen Trigonometrie'' in
''Zwei Abhandlungen über sphärische Trigonometrie'' by E. Hammer,
Ostwald's Klass. ex. Wiss., No. 73 (Engelmann, Leipzig 1896),
pp. 3--39.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=dPbhs0MSJOgC&pg=PA3 (PDF euler53.pdf)
* L. Euler,[[BR]]
''Élémens de la trigonométrie sphéroïdique tirés de la méthode des
plus grands et plus petits [Elements of spheroidal trigonometry taken
from the method of maxima and minima]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Berlin '''9''',
258--293 (1753, publ. 1755).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258 [[BR]]
figures: https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362-IA1 [[BR]]
alt: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/pages/E215.html [[BR]]
Draft English translation: by G. Heine.[[BR]]
http://eulerarchive.maa.org/docs/translations/E215en.pdf
* L. Euler,[[BR]]
''Recherches sur la courbure des surfaces [The curvature of surfaces]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Berlin '''16''',
119--143 (1760, publ. 1767).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=IanNh6WO1-AC&pg=PA119 [[BR]]
figures: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/pages/E333.html [[BR]]
Partial English translation: by J. Lodder.[[BR]]
http://eulerarchive.maa.org/docs/translations/E333.pdf
* J. L. Lagrange,[[BR]]
''Nouvelle méthode pour résoudre les équations littérales par le moyen
des séries [New method for solving explicit equations by means of a
series]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Berlin '''24''',
251--326 (1768, publ. 1770),
in
''Oeuvres de Lagrange'', Vol. 3 (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1869),
pp. 5--73.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YywPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5
* A. P. Dionis du Séjour,[[BR]]
''Nouvelles méthodes analytiques pour résoudre différentes questions
astronomiques; treizième mémoire [New analytical methods for solving
various astronomical questions, part 13]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, 73--192 + 3 plates
(1778, publ. 1781).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=8uEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA75
(pp. 112--113 missing)
* A. P. Dionis du Séjour,[[BR]]
''Traité Analytique des Mouvemens apparens des Corps Célestes
[Analytical Treatise on the Apparent Movement of Heavenly Bodies]'',
Vol. 2 (Valade, Paris, 1789), Book 1, Chaps. 1--3.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=tnHOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/dusejour89-fig.pdf
* T. Valperga di Caluso,[[BR]]
''De la navigation sur le spheroïde elliptique,
ses loxodromies et son plus court chemin
[Navigation on the ellipsoid, its loxodromes, and the shortest path]'',
Mém. l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Turin '''4''', 325--368 + figures
(1788--89, publ. 1790).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO-DiSOtC0kC&pg=PA321
(figures missing)
* T. Valperga di Caluso,[[BR]]
''Applications des formules du plus court chemin sur le spheroïde elliptique
[Application of the formulas for the shortest path on an ellipsoid]'',
Mém. l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Turin '''5''', 100--121
(1790--91, publ. 1793).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=yZH2VQBt4CkC&pg=PA100
* G. Monge,[[BR]]
''Sur les lignes de courbure de la surface de l'ellipsoïde
[On the lines of curvature on the surface of the ellipsoid]'' (1796),
in ''Application de l'Analyse à la Géometrie''
(5th edition, Bachelier, Paris, 1850), pp. 139--160.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf5zhlffjd0C&pg=PA139 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/monge50-fig.pdf
* P. S. Laplace,[[BR]]
''Traité de Mécanique Céleste'', Vol. 2 (Duprat, Paris, 1798/1799),
Book 3, Chap. 5; reprinted in
''Oeuvres complètes de Laplace'', Vol. 2 (Imprim. Royale, 1843),
pp. 127--180.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qZQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA127 [[BR]]
Early use of ''geodesic line'' in French:
Nous désignerons cette ligne sous le nom de ''ligne géodésique''
[We will call this line the ''geodesic line''].
Translation with commentary: ''Celestial Mechanics'' by N. Bowditch, Vol. 2
(Boston, 1832), pp. 358--491.[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/laplace99a.pdf
* J. B. J. Delambre and A. M. Legendre,[[BR]]
''Méthodes analytiques pour la Détermination d'un arc du Méridien
[Analytical methods for determination an arc of the meridian]''
(Crapelet, Paris, 1799).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=DBAOAAAAQAAJ
* J. B. J. Delambre and P. Méchain,[[BR]]
''Base du système métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien
compris entre les parralèles de Dunkerque et Barcelone
[Basis of the metric system, or the measurement of the meridian arc
between the parallels of Dunkirk and Barcelona]''
(Baudouin, Paris), Vol. 1 (1806), Vol. 2 (1807), Vol. 3 (1810).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=6DEVAAAAQAAJ [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4HVFAAAAcAAJ [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFpDAAAAcAAJ
* A. M. Legendre,[[BR]]
''Mémoire sur les opérations trigonométriques, dont les résultats
dépendent de la figure de la terre [Trigonometric operations which
depend on the shape of the earth]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, 352--383
(1787, publ. 1789).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=0uIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA352 (figures missing)
* A. M. Legendre,[[BR]]
''Analyse des triangles tracés sur la surface d'un sphéroïde
[Analysis of spheroidal triangles]'',
Mém. de l'Inst. Nat. de France, 130--161 (1st semester, 1806).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=EnVFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130 [[BR]]
Review: https://books.google.com/books?id=DYoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504
* A. M. Legendre,[[BR]]
''Exercices de Calcul Intégral sur Divers Ordres de Transcendantes et
sur les Quadratures [Exercises in Integral Calculus]'',
Vol. 1 (Courcier, Paris, 1811), pp. 178--182.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=riIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA178 [[BR]]
figures:
https://archive.org/stream/exercicescalculi01legerich#page/389
* A. M. Legendre,[[BR]]
''Traité des Fonctions Elliptiques et des Intégrales Eulériennes
[Treatise on Elliptic Functions and Eulerian Integrals]'',
Vol. 1 (Huzard-Courcier, Paris, 1825), pp. 360--364.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vaAKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA360 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/legendre25-fig.pdf
* J. G. Soldner,[[BR]]
''Über die kürzeste Linie auf dem Sphäroide
[The shortest line on the spheroid]'',
Monat. Corr. Zach '''11''', 7--23 (Gotha, 1805).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=454AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5 [[BR]]
Early use of ''geodesic line'' in German (noted by Jordan, Vol. 3,
Chap. 6, Sec. 68, p. 374):
Man weiss, dass die geodätisch gerade Linie LM die Eigenschaft hat,
dass sie die kürzeste ist, die man zwischen den zwey Puncten L und
M ziehen kann [We know that the geodesic straight line LM has the
property that it is the shortest that can be drawn between the two
points L and M].
* J. G. Soldner,[[BR]]
''Theorie der Landesvermessung (1810)
[Theory of Surveying]'',
edited by J. Frischauf, Ostwald's Klass. ex. Wiss., No. 184
(Engelmann, Leipzig, 1911), Part 1.[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/soldner10.pdf
* B. Oriani,[[BR]]
''Auszug aus einem Schreiben des Astronomen Oriani
[Excerpt from a paper by Oriani]'',
Monat. Corr. Zach '''10''', 244--251 (Gotha, 1804).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=d54AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA244
* B. Oriani,[[BR]]
''Auszug aus einem Briefen von Oriani
[Excerpt from a letter from Oriani]'',
Monat. Corr. Zach '''11''', 551--560 (Gotha, 1805).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=454AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA553
* B. Oriani,[[BR]]
''Elementi di trigonometria sferoidica
[Elements of spheroidal trigonometry]'',
Part 1: Mem. dell'Ist. Naz. Ital. '''1'''(1), 118--198 (Bologna, 1806);
Part 2: '''2'''(1), 1--58 (Bologna, 1808);
Part 3: '''2'''(2), 1--58 (Bologna, 1810);
Addendum: Mem. dell'Imp. Reg. Ist. del Regno Lombardo-Veneto '''4''',
325--331 (Milan, 1833).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=SydFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA118 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=XSdFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qaosAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=6bsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA325 [[BR]]
Errata: https://books.google.com/books?id=6bsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333 [[BR]]
Review: https://books.google.com/books?id=PzICAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA494
* B. Oriani,[[BR]]
''Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn Oriani an den Herausgeber
[Excerpt from a letter to the editor]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''4'''(94), 461--466 (1826).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1826AN......4..461O [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18260043201
* B. Oriani,[[BR]]
''Essempi di calcolo nella soluzione di alcuni problemi di trigonometria
sferoidica [Examples of solving some problems in spheroidal trigonometry]'',
Effemeridi astronomiche di Milano
1827, 3--24 (1826); 1828, 3--32 (1827); 1829, 3--24 (Milan 1828).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=02QEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=9GQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=D2UEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3
* C. Hutton,[[BR]]
''A Course of Mathematics in Three Volumes Composed for the Use of
the Royal Military Academy'', Vol. 3 (London, 1811), p 115.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=BtM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA115 [[BR]]
Early use of ''geodesic line'' in English:
A line traced in the manner we have now been describing, or deduced from
trigonometrical measures, by the means we have indicated, is called
a ''geodetic'' or ''geodesic line:'' it has the property of being
the shortest which can be drawn between its two extremities on the
surface of the earth; and it is therefore the proper itinerary
measure of the distance between those two points.
* P. C. F. Dupin,[[BR]]
''Développements de géométrie [Developments in geometry]''
(Courcier, Paris, 1813), Part 5.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=j40AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297
* E. G. F. Thune,[[BR]]
''Tentamen circa trigonometriam sphaeroidicam
[Essay on spheroidal trigonometry]''
(Schultz, Copenhagen, 1815)[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/thune15.pdf [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=AoU_AAAAcAAJ
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Traité de Géodésie ou Exposition des Méthodes Trigonométriques et
Astronomiques [Treatise on Geodesy]'',
Vol. 2 (2nd edition, Courcier, Paris, 1819), Book 6, Chap. 1.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=PZEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212 [[BR]]
unreadable pages:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/puissant19b-add.pdf
[[BR]]figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/puissant19b-fig.pdf
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Moyen d'évaluer rigoureusement la longueur d'une ligne géodésique
[The rigorous calculation of the length of a geodesic]'',
Bull. Sci. Math. '''2''', 275--279 (1824).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=h5JfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA275
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Note sur la trigonométrie sphéroïde, dans laquelle on détermine
généralement la plus courte distance de deux point donnés sur la
terre par leur latitude et leur longitude [Note on spheroidal
trigonometry and the determination of the shortest path between two
points on the earth]'',
Conn. des Tems 1832, 34--48 (Bachelier, Paris, 1829).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Eoo3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA34
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Suite de la note sur la trigonométrie sphéroïde, insérée dans la
Connaissance des tems pour 1832 [Addendum to a note on spheroidal
trigonometry in Conn. des. Tems 1832]'',
Conn. des Tems 1833, 77--85 (Bachelier, Paris, 1830).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=h4o3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA77
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Nouvel essai de trigonométrie sphéroïdique
[New essay on spheroidal trigonometry]'',
Mém. l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de l'Inst. de France '''10''',
457--529 (1831).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=KcjOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA457 [[BR]]
errata: https://books.google.com/books?id=KcjOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP11
* L. Puissant,[[BR]]
''Note sur un nouveau moyen d'abréger considérablement les calculs
rélatifs à la rectification d'un arc de méridien [A new way to shorten
the rectification of a meridian arc]'',
Comptes Rendus '''13''', 53--55 (1841).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=XWpGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29723/f55
* J. J. Littrow,[[BR]]
''Theoretische und practishe Astronomie
[Theoretical and Practical Astronomy]'',
Vol. 1 (Vienna, 1821), Chap. 10.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=3fk4AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA270
(figures missing)
* J. P. W. Stein,[[BR]]
''Geographische Trigonometrie oder die Auflösung der geradlinigen,
sphärischen und sphäroidischen Dreiecke [Geographic trigonometry or the
solution of plane, spherical, and spheroidal triangles]''
(Mainz, 1825), Part 2, Chap 2.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=2S9NAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80 (figures missing)
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Über Berechnung geodätischer Vermessungen
[Calculating geodesic surveys]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''1'''(3), 33--36 (1823).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=D58RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18230010302
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Berechnung eines Dreiecks, dessen Seiten geodätischer Linien sind
[Calculations of a geodesic triangle]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''1'''(6), 85--90 (1823).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=D58RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18230010603
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Über die Berechnung der geographischen Längen und Breiten aus
geodätischen Vermessungen [The calculation of longitude and latitude
from geodesic measurements]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''4'''(86), 241--254 + tables (1825).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1825AN......4..241B [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18260041601 [[BR]]
With corrections: https://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1823 [[BR]]
Partial English translation:
''Calculation of geographical longitudes and latitudes on a spheroid'',
Quart. Jour. Roy. Inst. '''21'''(41), 138--152 (1826).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ei1GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA138 [[BR]]
Modern English translation: by C. F. F. Karney and R. E. Deakin,
Astron. Nachr. '''331'''(8), 852--861 (2010).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201011352 [[BR]]
preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1824
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Über den Einfluss der Unregelmässigkeiten der Figur der Erde auf
geodätische Arbeiten und ihre Vergleichung mit den astronomischen
Bestimmungen [The effect of irregularities in the shape of the earth
on geodetic work and their comparison with the astronomical
measurements]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''14'''(329), 269--312 (1837).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1837AN.....14..269B [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18370141901
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Bestimmung der Axen des elliptischen Rotationssphäroids, welches
den vorhandenen Messungen von Meridianbögen der Erde am meisten
entspricht [Estimation of the axes of the ellipsoid through
measurements of the meridian arc]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''14'''(333), 333--346 (1837).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1837AN.....14..333B [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18370142301
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Über einen Fehler in der Berechnung der französischen Gradmessung
und seinen Einfluß auf die Bestimmung der Figur der Erde [Concerning
an error in the calculation of the French survey and its influence on
the determination of the figure of the Earth]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''19'''(438), 97--116 (1841).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1841AN.....19...97B [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18420190702
* F. W. Bessel and J. J. Baeyer,[[BR]]
''Gradmessung in Ostpreussen und ihre Verbindung mit Preussischen und
Russischen Dreiecksketten [The East Prussian Survey and its
connection with the Prussian and Russian networks]'',
(Dümmler, Berlin, 1838).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=3wg_AAAAcAAJ
* F. W. Bessel,[[BR]]
''Abhandlungen von Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel [The Works of Bessel]'',
Vol. 3 (W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1876), Part 6 contains the previous
6 papers.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vX4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PR6
(PDF bessel-V3.pdf)
* J. Ivory,[[BR]]
''A new series for the rectification of the ellipsis'',
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh '''4''', 177--190 (1798).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=FaUaqZZYYPAC&pg=PA177
* J. Ivory,[[BR]]
''Solution of a geodetical problem'',
Phil. Mag. '''64'''(315), 35--39 (1824).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=xk0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442408644549 [[BR]]
Errata: Phil. Mag. '''65'''(324), 249--250 (1825).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=_UwwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442508628431
* J. Ivory,[[BR]]
''On the properties of a line of shortest distance traced on the
surface of an oblate spheroid'',
Phil. Mag. '''67'''(336), 241--249 & '''67'''(337), 340--352 (1826).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=PkwwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA241 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=PkwwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA340 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442608674051 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442608674069 [[BR]]
''Mr. Ivory's mode of finding the length of the geodetic curve'',
Quart. Jour. Roy. Inst. '''21'''(42), 361--363 (1826).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ei1GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA361 [[BR]]
F. W. Bessel,
''Über einen Aufsatz von Ivory im Philosophical Magazine
[Comments on a paper by Ivory in the Philosophical Magazine]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''5'''(108), 177--180 (1927).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1826AN......5..177B [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18270051202
* J. Ivory,[[BR]]
''A direct method of finding the shortest distance between two points on
the Earth's surface when their geographical position is given'',
Phil. Mag. '''8''' (2nd ser.),
30--34 & 114--117 (misprinted as 134--137) (1830).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=j4EqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=j4EqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA114 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443008675355 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443008675378
* F. T. Poselger,[[BR]]
''Anleitung zu Rechnungen der Geodäsie
[Guide to the Calculations of Geodesy]''
(Dümmler, Berlin, 1831), Chap. 4.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=OVkOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39
* C. F. Gauss,[[BR]]
''Allgemeine Auflösung der Aufgabe: die Theile einer gegebnen Fläche
auf einer andern gegebnen Fläche so abzubilden, daß die Abbildung dem
Abgebildeten in den kleinsten Theilen ähnlich wird [The general
solution of the problem of mapping one surface to another so that
small shapes are preserved]'',
Schumacher's Astron. Abhandlungen '''3''', 1--30 (Altona, 1825)
Reprint: edited by A. Wangerin, Ostwald's Klass. ex. Wiss., No. 55
(Engelmann, Leipzig, 1894).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=odTPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=O4AOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57 (PDF ostwald-N55.pdf)
* C. F. Gauss,[[BR]]
''Conforme Abbildung des Sphäroids in der Ebene
(Projectionsmethode der Hannoverschen Landesvermessung)
[Conformal mapping of the spheroid to the plane (The projection
for the survey of Hannover)]'',
König. Ges. Wiss., Göttingen (1828),
in ''Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke'',
Vol. 9 (Ges. Wiss., Göttingen, 1903), pp. 142--194.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ICwPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 (PDF gauss-V9.pdf)
[[BR]]Remarks by Krüger:
https://books.google.com/books?id=ICwPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 [[BR]]
Letters to Schumacher:
https://books.google.com/books?id=ICwPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA205
* C. F. Gauss,[[BR]]
''Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas''
(Dieterich, Göttingen, 1828).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=bX0AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3 [[BR]]
alt: http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN236005081
[[BR]]French translation:
''Recherches générales sur les surfaces courbes'', by E. Roger
(Grenoble, 1855).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=PxcOAAAAQAAJ [[BR]]
German translation:
''Allgemeine Flächentheorie'',
by A. Wangerin, Ostwald's Klass. ex. Wiss., No. 5
(Engelmann, Leipzig, 1889).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=W2UEAAAAYAAJ (PDF gauss28-de.pdf) [[BR]]
English translation:
''General Investigations of Curved Surfaces of 1827 and 1825'',
by J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel
(Princeton Univ. Lib., 1902).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=a1wTJR3kHwUC (PDF gauss28-en.pdf)
* C. F. Gauss,[[BR]]
''Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der höheren Geodäsie,
[Investigations on Higher Geodesy, Parts 1 & 2]'',
Abhandl. Math. Cl. Kön. Ges. Wiss. zu Göttingen
'''2''', 3--45 (1843); '''3''', 3--43 (1846).[[BR]]
Reprint: edited by J. Frischauf, Ostwald's Klass. ex. Wiss., No. 177
(Engelmann, Leipzig, 1910).[[BR]]
http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=39018 [[BR]]
http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=39036 [[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/gauss43.pdf
* C. F. Gauss,[[BR]]
''Erdellipsoid und geodätischen linie
[Geodesic lines on an ellipsoidal earth]'',
in ''Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke'',
Vol. 9 (Ges. Wiss., Göttingen, 1903), pp. 65--104.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ICwPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65 (PDF gauss-V9.pdf)
[[BR]]alt: http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN23601515X
* A. Galle,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätischen Arbeiten von Gauss [The Geodetic Works of Gauss]'',
in ''Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke'',
Vol. 11 (Ges. Wiss., Göttingen, 1863), Part 2, 1--161.[[BR]]
http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=139786
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum
[A Fundamental New Theory of Elliptic Functions]''
(Borntraeger, Könisberg, 1829).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=_CAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Demonstratio et amplificatio nova theorematis Gaussiani de
quadratura integra trianguli in data superficie e lineis brevissimis
formati [Demonstration and extension of a new theorem by Gauss on the
integral over triangles formed by geodesics on a given surface]'',
Jour. Crelle '''16''', 344--350 (1837).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=2qrxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA344 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1837.16.344
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Zur Theorie der Variations Rechnung und der Differential Gleichungen
[The theory of the calculus of variations and of differential equations]'',
Jour. Crelle '''17''', 68--82 (1837).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=FKvxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA68 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1837.17.68
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Note von der geodätischen Linie auf einem Ellipsoid und den
verschiedenen Anwendungen einer merkwürdigen analytischen Substitution
[The geodesic on an ellipsoid and various applications of a remarkable
analytical substitution]'',
Jour. Crelle '''19''', 309--313 (1839).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=RbwGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1839.19.309 [[BR]]
French translation: Jour. Liouville '''6''', 267--272 (1841).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh8GAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA267 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1841_1_6_A20_0.pdf
[[BR]]Letter to Bessel, Dec. 28, 1838:
https://books.google.com/books?id=_09tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385 (PDF jacobi-V7.pdf)
[[BR]]Announcement: Comptes Rendus '''8''', 284 (1839).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=J6sbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2967c/f290
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Bestimmungen der geodätischen Linie auf einem dreiaxiges Ellipsoid
[Determining geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid]'',
König. Preuss. Ak. d. Wiss. Berlin '''8''', 351--355 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZipJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA351
* C. G. J. Jacobi and E. Luther,[[BR]]
''Solution nouvelle d'un problème fondamental de géodésie
[A new solution to a fundamental problem of geodesy]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''41'''(974), 209--216 (1855);
'''42'''(1006), 337--358 (1856).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1855AN.....41..209J [[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1856AN.....42..337J [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18550411401 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18550422201 [[BR]]
also in Jour. Crelle '''53''', 335--365 (1857).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vc0GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1857.53.335
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Vorlesungen über Dynamik [Lectures on Dynamics]'',
edited by A. Clebsch (Reimer, Berlin, 1866), Secs. 6 & 26--28.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ryEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA43 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ryEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA198 [[BR]]
English translation: by K. Balagangadharan (Hindustan Book Agency, 2009)
[[BR]] https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/440645889 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=s9o0QwAACAAJ [[BR]]
Errata: https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/jacobi-errata.html
* C. G. J. Jacobi,[[BR]]
''Über die Curve, welche alle von einem Punkte ausgehenden geodätischen
Linien eines Rotationsellipsoides berührt [The envelope of geodesic
lines emanating from a single point on an ellipsoid]'',
Op. Post., completed by A. Wangerin, in
''C. G. J. Jacobi's Gesammelte Werke'', Vol. 7 (Reimer, Berlin, 1891),
pp. 72--87.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=_09tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA72 (PDF jacobi-V7.pdf)
* F. Minding,[[BR]]
''Über die Curven des kürzesten Perimeters auf krummen Flächen
[Curves of minimum perimeter on curved surfaces]'',
Jour. Crelle '''5''', 297--304 (1830).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6wGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1830.5.297
* F. Minding,[[BR]]
''Beiträge zur Theorie der kürzesten Linien auf krummen Flächen
[Contributions to the theory of shortest lines on curved suraces]'',
Jour. Crelle '''20''', 323--327 (1840).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=bLwGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA323 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1840.20.323
* F. Minding,[[BR]]
''Zur Theorie der Curven kürzesten Umrings, bei gegebenem
Flächeninhalt auf krummen Flächen
[The shortest curves encirling a given area on a curved surface]'',
Jour. Crelle '''86''', 279--289 (1879).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=85HxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA279 (PDF crelle-V86.pdf)
[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1879.86.279
* F. J. Joachimsthal,[[BR]]
''Observationes de lineis brevissimis et curvis curvaturae in
superficiebus secundi gradus [Observations on the shortest lines on
curved surfaces of the second degree]'',
Jour. Crelle '''26''', 155--171 (1843).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=8ptGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA155 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1843.26.155
* F. J. Joachimsthal,[[BR]]
''Anwendung der Differential- und Integralrechnung auf die
allgemeine Theorie der Flächen und der Linien doppelter Krümmung
[Application of differential and integral calculus to the
general theory of surfaces and lines of double curvature]''
(Teubner, Leipzig, 1872), Chap. 9, pp. 131--157.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=BvQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131
* P.Q.R. (W. Thomson, Lord Kelvin),[[BR]]
''Elementary demonstration of Dupin's theorem'',
Camb. Math. Jour. '''4'''(20), 62--64 (1844).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vtxEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62
* J. Liouville,[[BR]]
''De la ligne géodésique sur un ellipsoïde quelconque
[The geodesic on an arbitrary ellipsoid]'',
Jour. Liouville '''9''', 401--408 (1844).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=7oYGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA401 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1844_1_9_A37_0.pdf
* J. Liouville,[[BR]]
''Démonstration géométrique relative à l'équation des lignes
géodésiques sur les surfaces du second degré [Geometrical
demonstration of the equation for geodesic lines on the surfaces of
the second degree]'',
Jour. Liouville '''11''', 21--24 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qTUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1846_1_11_A3_0.pdf
* J. Liouville,[[BR]]
''Sur quelques cas particuliers où les équations du mouvement d'un
point matériel peuvent s'intégrer [Special cases where the equations
of motion are integrable]'',
Jour. Liouville '''11''', 345--378 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qTUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA345 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1846_1_11_A45_0.pdf
* J. Liouville,[[BR]]
Notes on G. Monge, ''Application de l'Analyse à la Géometrie''
(5th edition, Bachelier, Paris, 1850), pp. 547--600.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf5zhlffjd0C&pg=PA547
* J. Liouville,[[BR]]
''Sur la théorie générale des surfaces
[On the general theory of surfaces]'',
Jour. Liouville '''16''', 130--132 (1851).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=TFdOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1851_1_16_A4_0.pdf
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Géométrie, Communication verbale de M. Liouville
[Geometry, Verbal communication of J. Liouville]'',
Comptes Rendus '''21''', 1410--1411 (1845).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vnFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1410 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64491361/f20.item
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Sur quelques propriétés des lignes géodésiques et des lignes de
courbure de l'ellipsoïde [Properties of geodesics and lines of
curvature on an allispoid]'',
Jour. Liouville '''11''', 1--4 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qTUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1846_1_11_A1_0.pdf
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Nouvelles propriétés des lignes géodésiques et des lignes de
courbure sur l'ellipsoïde [New properties of geodesics and lines of
curvature on an allispoid]'',
Jour. Liouville '''13''', 1--11 (1848).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1848_1_13_A1_0.pdf
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
Theorems on the lines of curvature of an ellipsoid
Camb. Dublin Math. Jour. '''3''', 159--163 (1848).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=3hVbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Mémoire sur la géométrie de courbes tracées sur la surface d'un
ellipsoïde [The geometry of curves on the surface of an ellipsoid]'',
Jour. Liouville '''15''', 275--295 (1850).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1850_1_15_A16_0.pdf
* M. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Sur quelques applications de la théorie des surfaces
[Some applications of the theory of surfaces]'',
Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques '''14''', 268--271 (1855).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=BwcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA268
* M. Chasles,[[BR]]
''Sur les lignes géodésiques et les lignes de courbure des surfaces
du second degré [Geodesic lines and the lines of curvature of the
surfaces of the second degree]'',
Jour. Liouville '''11''', 5--20 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qTUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1846_1_11_A2_0.pdf
* M. Chasles,[[BR]]
''Nouvelles démonstrations des deux équations relatives aux tangentes
communes à deux surfaces du second degré homofocales; Et propriétés
des lignes géodésiques et des lignes de courbure de ces surfaces [New
demonstration of two equations for the common tangents to two
confocal surfaces of the second degree; and properties of the
geodesic lines and the lines of curvature of these surfaces]'',
Jour. Liouville '''11''', 105--119 (1846).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qTUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1846_1_11_A14_0.pdf
* L. Schläfli,[[BR]]
''Bemerkungen über confocale Flächen zweiten Grades und die geodätische
Linie auf dem Ellipsoid [Confocal surfaces of the second degree and the
geodesic line on the ellipsoid]'',
Mittheilungen Nat. Gesell. Bern ''99--100'', 97--101 (1847).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=mq8AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA97
* P. O. Bonnet,[[BR]]
''Mémoire sur la théorie générale des surfaces
[On the general theory of surfaces]'',
Jour. l'École Polytechnique '''19'''(32), 1--146 (1848).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=VGo_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1
* P. O. Bonnet,[[BR]]
''Sur quelques propriétés des lignes géodésiques
[Some properties for geodesic lines]'',
Comptes Rendus '''40''', 1311--1313 (1855).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=v28kAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1311 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29976/f1308
* P. O. Bonnet,[[BR]]
[Note sur la courbure géodésique [A note on geodesic curvature]'',
Comptes Rendus '''42''', 1137--1139 (1856).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1137 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2999t/f1135
* P. O. Bonnet,[[BR]]
''Démonstration du théorème de Gauss relatif aux petits triangles
géodésiques situés sur une surface courbe quelconque [Demomstration of
Gauss' theorem on small geodesic triangles for arbitrary surfaces]'',
Comptes Rendus '''58''', 183--188 (1864).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ibUxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA183 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3015d/f185
* J. Bertrand,[[BR]]
''Démonstration géométrique de quelques théorèmes relatifs à la
théorie des surfaces [Geometric proof of some theorems for surfaces]'',
Jour. Liouville '''13''', 78--79 (1848).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1848_1_13_A11_0.pdf
* J. Bertrand,[[BR]]
''Démonstration d'un théorème de M. Gauss [Proof of a theorem of
C. F. Gauss]'',
Jour. Liouville '''13''', 80--82 (1848).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1848_1_13_A11_0.pdf
* C.-F. Diguet,[[BR]]
''Note à l'occasion de l'article précédent [Note on the preceding
article]'',
Jour. Liouville '''13''', 83--86 (1848).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1848_1_13_A12_0.pdf
* A. S. Hart,[[BR]]
''On the form of geodesic lines through the umbilic of an ellipsoid'',
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. '''4''', 274 (1849).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=V16tNNTxUbQC&pg=PA274 [[BR]]
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20520288
* A. S. Hart,[[BR]]
''Geometrical demonstration of some properties of geodesic lines'',
Camb. Dublin Math. Jour. '''4''', 80--84 (1849).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ClAeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA80
* A. S. Hart,[[BR]]
''On geodesics lines traced on a surface of the second degree'',
Camb. Dublin Math. Jour. '''4''', 192--194 (1849).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ClAeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA192
* C. Graves,[[BR]]
''On geodetic lines in surfaces of the second order'',
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. '''4''', 283--287 (1850).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=QTpJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA283 [[BR]]
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20520292
* C. Graves,[[BR]]
''Elementary geometrical proof of Joachimsthal's theorem'',
Jour. Crelle '''42''', 279 (1851).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=gKBGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA279 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1851.42.279
* G. Piobert,[[BR]]
''De la forma mejor que conviene dar á los triángulos geodésicos
[The most convenient form for geodesic triangles]'',
Revista Cien. Fís. Madrid '''1''', 373--380 (1850).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=nMXOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA373
* G. Piobert,[[BR]]
''Sur la rectification des angles dans le calcul des triangles géodésiques
[Rectifying angles in the solution of geodesic triangles]'',
Comptes Rendus '''31''', 409--418 (1850).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=7B1IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA409 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29887/f409
* A. R. Clarke,[[BR]]
''On the measurement of azimuths on a spheroid'',
Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. '''20''', 131--136 (1851).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=8GtaAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA131
* A. R. Clarke,[[BR]]
''On the course of geodetic lines on the earth's surface'',
Phil. Mag. '''39''' (4th ser.), 352--363 (1870).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=i2swAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA352 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786447008640325
* A. R. Clarke,[[BR]]
''Geodesy'' (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1880), Chap. 6.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=lfIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 (PDF clarke80.pdf)
* B. Tortolini,[[BR]]
''Sulla determinazione della linea geodesica descritta sulla superficie
di un'ellissoide a tre assi ineguali [The determination of geodesics on
the surface of a triaxial ellipsoid]'',
Accad. d. Lincei '''4''', 287-324 (1851).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Ht8cAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA287 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=FICcJDc809AC
* B. Tortolini,[[BR]]
''Sulla espressione dei raggi delle due curvature di una linea geodesica
tracciata sulla superficie di un'ellissoide [The two radii of
curvaturefor a geodesic line drawn on the surface of an ellipsoid]'',
Ann. Sci. Mat. Fis. '''2''', 345--357 (1851).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=xZkfAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA345
* C. Gudermann,[[BR]]
''Fundamenta trigonometriae sphaeroïdicae exacta; imprimis de lineis
brevissimis, vulgo dictis geodaeticis, in superficie sphaeroïdica
[Foundations of exact spheroidal trigonometry, in particular,
concerning geodesic lines on a spheroidal surface]'',
Jour. Crelle '''43''', 294--339 (1852).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ygVCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA294 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1852.43.294
* A. Terrero,[[BR]]
''Memoria sobre la forma mas conveniente de los triángulos geodésicos
[A convenient treatment of geodesic triaganles]'',
Mem. Real Acad. Cien. Madrid '''1'''(1), 77--84 (1853).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGcoYhxhoUC&pg=PA77
* F. Brioschi,[[BR]]
''Sulla integrazione della equaziono delle linea geodetiche
[On the integration of the equation for geodesics]'',
Ann. Sci Mat. Fis. '''4''', 133-135 (1853).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRhm-BQ9YEoC&pg=PA133
* F. Brioschi,[[BR]]
''Intorno al movimento di un punto materiale sopra una superficie
qualsivoglia [The movement of a material point on any surface]'',
Mem. Mat. Fis. Modena '''25(2)''',155--167 (1860).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=VaYgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA155
* W. Roberts,[[BR]]
''Sur une ligne géodésique de l'ellipsoïde
[The geodesic line of the ellipsoid]'',
J. Math. Pures Appl. (Ser. 2) '''2''', 213--216 (1857).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1857_2_2_A18_0.pdf
* H. Molins,[[BR]]
''Sur les lignes de courbure et les lignes géodésiques des surfaces
développables dont les génératrices sont parallèles a celles d'une
surface réglée quelconque [The lines of curvature and geodesic lines on
developable surfaces whose generatrices are parallel to those of an
ruled surface]'',
Jour. Liouville '''4''', 347--365 (1859).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=SVhaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347 [[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1859_2_4_A31_0.pdf
* H. Molins,[[BR]]
''Sur les lignes gèodésiques tracées sur une surface développable donnée
[Geodesics on a given developable surface]'',
Mém. de l'Acad. Toulouse (Ser. 5) '''5''', 401--412 (1861).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=5mkmAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA401
* O. Böklen,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätischen Linien auf dem Ellipsoid
[Geodesics on the ellipsoid]'',
Arch. d. Math. Phys. '''35''', 101--103 (1860).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ9EAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA101
* O. Böklen,[[BR]]
''Zur Theorie der geodätischen Linien [The theory of geodesics]'',
Arch. d. Math. Phys. '''39''', 189--198 (1862).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=_6AbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA189
* O. Böklen,[[BR]]
''Über geodätischen Linien [Geodesic lines]'',
Z. Math. Phys. '''26''', 254--269 (1881).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=X9g4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264
(PDF zmathphys-V26.pdf)
* L. Aoust,[[BR]]
''Sur une forme de l'équation de la ligne géodésique ellipsoïdale et de
ses usages pour trouver les propriétés communes aux lignes ellipsoïdales
et à des courbes planes correspondantes [A form of the equation for
ellipsoidal geodesics and its use to determine the properties common to
ellipsoidal lines and the corresponding plane curves]'',
Comptes Rendus '''50''', 484--489 (1860).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=lh5IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA484 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3007r/f488
* K. T. W. Weierstrass,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätischen Linien auf dem dreiaxigen Ellipsoid
[Geodesic lines on a triaxial ellipsoid]'',
Monat. König. Akad. Wiss. 986--997 (Berlin, 1861),
in ''Mathematische Werke'', Vol. 1 (Berlin, 1894), pp. 257--266.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=9O4GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA257
(PDF weierstrass-V1.pdf)
* O. Staude,[[BR]]
''Über geodätische Bogenstücke von algebraischer Längendifferenz auf
dem Ellipsoid [Geodesic arcs of algebraic longitude difference on the
ellipsoid]'',
Math. Ann. '''20'''(2), 185--186 (1862).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YQkPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA185
(PDF mathann-V20.pdf)
[[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01446520
* A. Allégret,[[BR]]
''Essai sur le Calcul des Quaternions de M. W. Hamilton
[Essay on Hamilton's Quaternions]]'' (Leiber, Paris, 1862), Sec. 3.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=rYEYtcwcIJoC&pg=PT12
* A. Allégret,[[BR]]
''Mémoire sur la flexion des lignes géodésiques tracées sur une même
surface quelconque [The bending of geodesics on an arbitrary surface]'',
Comptes Rendus '''66''', 342--344 (1868).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=cpVDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA342 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30232/f344
* P. A. Gordan,[[BR]]
''De linea geodetica [On geodesic lines]''
(Berolini, 1862).[[BR]]
http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN270894012
* J. J. Baeyer,[[BR]]
''Das Messen auf der sphäroidischen Erdoberfläche als Erläuterung
meines Entwurfes zu einer mitteleuropäischen Gradmessung [The
measurement of the spheroidal Earth as an illustration of my
specification for a Central European Survey]''
(Reimer, Berlin, 1862), Sec. 2.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=1loOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27
* J. J. Baeyer,[[BR]]
''Über die Auflösung grosser sphäroidischer Dreiecke
[Solving large spheroidal triangles]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''61'''(1455) 225--240 (1864).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1864AN.....61..225V [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18640611502
* J. J. Baeyer,[[BR]]
''Über die Berechnung sphäroidischer Dreiecke und den Lauf der
geodätischen Linie [Geodesic triangles and the course of the
geodesic]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''71'''(1699--1700), 289--314 (1868).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1868AN.....71..289V [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18680711902
* J. Weingarten,[[BR]]
''Über die Oberflächen für welche einer der beiden
Hauptkrümmungshalbmesser eine Function des anderen ist
[Surfaces for which one of the two principal radii of curvature is a
function of the other]'',
Jour. Crelle '''62''', 160--173 (1863).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA160 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1863.62.160
* J. Weingarten,[[BR]]
''Über die Reduction der Winkel eines sphäroidischen Dreiecks auf die
eines ebenen oder sphärischen [Reducing the angles of a spheroidal
triangle to those of a plane or spherical triangle]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''75'''(1782) 91--96 (1869).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1869AN.....75...91W [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18690750604
* P. A. Hansen,[[BR]]
''Geodätische Untersuchungen [Geodetic investigations]''
(Hirzel, Leipzig, 1865), Sec. 1.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=WlsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1
* C. A. H. Bachoven von Echt,[[BR]]
''Die Kürzeste auf dem Erdsphäroid nebst den Hauptaufgaben der
Geodäsie in neuer Darstellung [Shortest lines on the spheroid
together with the geodesic problems in a new representation]'',
(Istwann, Coesfeld, 1865).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=l35aAAAAcAAJ [[BR]]
http://sammlungen.uni-muenster.de/hd/content/titleinfo/1012467
* B. Price,[[BR]]
''A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus'', Vol. 2
(2nd edition, Oxford, 1865), Chap. 14, Sec. 2.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=fho1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA475
* G. Salmon,[[BR]]
''A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions''
(2nd Edition, Dublin, 1865), Chap. 12, Sec. 4.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Y54LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305
* E. Beltrami,[[BR]]
''Risoluzione del Problema: Riportare i punti di una superficie sopra
un piano in modo che le linee geodetiche vengano rappresentate da
linee rette [Mapping a surface to a plane so that geodesics are
represented by straight lines]'',
Ann. Mat. Pura App. '''7''', 185--204 (1865).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=dfgEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03198517
* E. Beltrami,[[BR]]
''Sulla teoria delle linee geodetiche
[On the theory of geodesic lines]'',
Rendiconti del Reale Istituto Lombardo (Ser. 2) '''1''', 708--718 (1868),
in ''Opere matematiche di Eugenio Beltrami'' (Vol. 1, Hoepli, Milan, 1902),
pp. 366--373.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=c48vHvLN--kC&pg=PA366
(PDF beltrami-V1.pdf)
* F. Faà de Bruno,[[BR]]
''Démonstration élémentaire du théorème fondamental des lignes
géodésiques [Elementary demonstration of the fundamental theorem of
geodesics]'',
Les Mondes '''8''', 739--740 (1865).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=nf4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA739
* O. Schreiber,[[BR]]
''Theorie der Projectionsmethode der Hannoverschen Landesvermessung
[Theory of the projection for the survey of Hannover]''
(Hahn, 1866).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=rIQ_AAAAcAAJ
* A. F. J. Yvon Villarceau,[[BR]]
''De la limite des erreurs que l'on peut commettre en appliquant la
théorie des lignes géodésiques aux observations des angles des triangles
[A limit on the errors applying the theory of geodesic lines to
triangulation]'',
Comptes Rendus '''62''', 850--851 (1866).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=HrVotkK9Wq4C&pg=PA850 [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3019n/f850
* E. B. Christoffel,[[BR]]
''Allgemeine Theorie der geodätischen Dreiecke
[General theory of geodesic triangles]'',
Math. Abhand. König. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin '''8''',
119--176 (1868).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=EEtFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119
* U. Dini,[[BR]]
''Sopra un problema che si presenta nella teoria generale delle
rappresentazioni geografiche di una superficie su di un altra [The
general theory of mapping one geographical surface to another]'',
Ann. Mat. Pura App. '''3''' (2nd ser.), 269--293 (1869).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA269 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02422982
* A. Cayley,[[BR]]
''On the geodesic lines on an oblate spheroid'',
Phil. Mag. '''40''' (4th ser.), 329--340 (1870),
in ''The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley'',
Vol. 7 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1894), paper 422, pp. 15--25.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA329 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGIOoCMYYAC&pg=PA15 (PDF cayley-V7.pdf)
[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1080/14786447008640411
* A. Cayley,[[BR]]
''Note on the geodesic lines on an ellipsoid'',
Phil. Mag. '''41''' (4th ser.), 534--535 (1871),
in ''The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley'',
Vol. 7 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1894), paper 425, pp. 34--35.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=oHUvAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA534 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGIOoCMYYAC&pg=PA34 (PDF cayley-V7.pdf)
[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1080/14786447108640519
* A. Cayley,[[BR]]
''On the geodesic lines on an ellipsoid'',
Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. '''39''', 31--53 & plate 2 (1872),
in ''The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley'',
Vol. 7 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1894), paper 478, pp. 493--510.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=S4znAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31
(PDF royastron-V39.pdf)
[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGIOoCMYYAC&pg=PA493 (PDF cayley-V7.pdf)
* A. Cayley,[[BR]]
''On geodesic lines, in particular those of a quadric surface'',
Proc. London Math. Soc. '''4''', 191--211 & 368--380 (1871--1873),
in ''The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley'',
Vol. 8 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1895),
papers 508 & 511, pp. 156--178 & 188--199.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4gWd3fZi4zIC&pg=PA156 (PDF cayley-V8.pdf)
[[BR]] https://books.google.com/books?id=4gWd3fZi4zIC&pg=PA188 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s1-4.1.191 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s1-4.1.368
* I. Todhunter,[[BR]]
''A History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and the Figure of
the Earth from the time of Newton to that of Laplace'',
2 Vols. (Macmillan, 1873).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=6GMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 (PDF todhunter73a.pdf)
[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=xmMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 (PDF todhunter73b.pdf)
* I. Todhunter,[[BR]]
''Spherical Trigonometry, for the use of Colleges and Schools'',
(5th edition, Macmillan, 1886).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=aVgNAQAAMAAJ (PDF todhunter86.pdf) [[BR]]
retypeset: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19770
* H. Levret,[[BR]]
''Détermination des positions géographiques sur un ellipsoïde
quelconque [Determinations of geographic positions on an arbitrary
ellipsoid]'',
Comptes Rendus '''76''', 410--413 (1873).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=lqJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA410
(PDF comprendus-V76.pdf) [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3033b/f410
* H. M. Jeffery,[[BR]]
''On the duals of geodesics and lines of curvature on an ellipsoid and
on its pedal surfaces'',
Quart. J. Pure and Appl. Math. '''12''', 322--345 (1873).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ink_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA322
* C. Trepied,[[BR]]
''Sur le calcul des coordonnées géodésiques [On the calculation of
geodesic coordinates]'',
Comptes Rendus '''80''', 36--40 (1875).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vE9EAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA36
(PDF comprendus-V80.pdf) [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3037k/f36
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Einfache Ableitung Gaussischen Formeln für die Auflösung einer
Hauptaufgabe der sphärischen Geodäsie [A simple derivation of the
Gaussian formulas for the solving a principal problem in spherical
geodesy]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''4''', 153--156 (1875).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=wpJIAAAAMAAJ&pg=153 (PDF zvermess-V4.pdf)
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Einfache Ableitung eines bekannten Satzes für die Krümmung des
Rotationsellipsoids [A simple derivation of the known formula for the
curvature of an ellipsoid of revolution]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''6'''(1), 26--28 (1877).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=WKxIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA26 (PDF zvermess-V6.pdf)
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Die geodätische Übertragung geographischer Coordinaten
[The geodesic applied to geographic coordinates]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''94'''(2252), 313--320 (1879).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879AN.....94..313H [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790942003
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Nochmals der Fundamentalsatz für die geodätische Linie auf
Umdrehungsflächen [Revisiting the fundamental theorem for the geodesic
line on surfaces of revolution]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''9'''(8), 338--339 (1880).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=r5RIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA338
(PDF zvermess-V9.pdf)
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Die Mathematischen und Physikalischen Theorieen der Höheren
Geodäsie [Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy]'',
Vol. 1 (Teubner, Leipzig, 1880), Chaps. 5--7.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=qt2CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA212 (PDF helmert80.pdf)
[[BR]]English translation:
by Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (St. Louis, 1964).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32050 [[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17273288
* F. R. Helmert,[[BR]]
''Entwicklung der ersten Glieder für die Reduction eines sphäroidischen
Dreiecks auf ein sphärisches mit denselben Seiten [Development of the
first terms for the reduction of a spheroidal triangle to a spherical
one with the same sides],''
Z. f. Vermess. '''18'''(9), 257--268 (1889).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=L5xIAAAAMAAJ&pg=257 (PDF zvermess-V18.pdf)
* M. Levy,[[BR]]
''Sur les intégrales rationnelles du problème des lignes géodésiques
[On the rational integrals of geodesic lines]'',
Comptes Rendus '''85''', 1065--1068 (1877).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=H9JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1065
(PDF comprendus-V85.pdf) [[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30429/f1060
* K. Schwering,[[BR]]
''Neue geometrische Darstellung der geodätischen Linie auf dem
Rotationsellipsoid [New geometric representation of the geodesic on an
ellipsoid of revolution]'',
Z. Math. Phys. '''24''', 405--407 (1879).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=bNk4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA405
(PDF zmathphys-V24.pdf)
* C. Wiener,[[BR]]
''Zusatz zu der elementaren Begründung des Fundamentalsatzes über die
geodätische Linie auf einer Umdrehungsfläche von Professor Jordan
[Addendum to Jordan's paper]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''9'''(8), 337--338 (1880).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=r5RIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337
(PDF zvermess-V9.pdf)
* F. J. van den Berg,[[BR]]
''Sur les écarts de la ligne géodésique et des sections planes normales
entre deux points rapprochés d'une surface courbe
[On the difference between geodesic lines and normal sections]'',
Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles '''12''',
353--398 (1877).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=CycYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA353
(PDF archneerd-V12.pdf)
* C. Winterberg,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätische Linie: Bestimmung von Azimuth, Breite und
Länge einer geodätische Linie auf dem Erdsphäroid als Function der
Bogenlänge, wenn Breite und Azimuth des Anfangspunks gegeben sind
[The direct geodesic problem]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''89'''(2119), 103--110;
'''89'''(2120), 113--128 (1877).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877AN.....89..103W [[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877AN.....89..113W [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18770890703 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18770890802
* C. Winterberg,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätische Linie: Bestimmung der Bogenlänge und der
Azimuthe beider Endpuncte einer geodätische Linie in Function der
Breiten und der Längendifferenz dieser Puncte [The inverse geodesic
problem]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''91'''(2168), 113--120 (1878).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877AN.....91..113W [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18780910803
* C. Winterberg,[[BR]]
''Über die geodätische Linie: Dritte allgemeine Aufgabe. Auflösung
der sphäroidischen Dreicke [Solution of geodesic triangles]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''95'''(2271), 223--228;
'''95'''(2272) 239--250; '''95'''(2274) 271--280 (1879).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879AN.....95..223W [[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879AN.....95..239W [[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879AN.....95..271W [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790951502 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790951602 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790951802
* T. Craig,[[BR]]
''The motion of a point upon the surface of an ellipsoid'',
American J. Math. '''1'''(4), 359--364 (1878).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.2307/2369380 [[BR]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2369380
* M. Sadebeck,[[BR]]
''Hilfstafel für die Differenz zwischen dem sphäroidischen und dem
sphärischen Längenunterschiede zweier Punkte auf der Erdoberfläche
[Table of differences between the spheroidal and spherical longitude
differences of two points on the Earth]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''95'''(2270), 207--220 (1879).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879AN.....95..207S [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790951402
* A. v. Braunmühl,[[BR]]
''Über Enveloppen geodätischer Linien
[The envelopes of geodesic lines]'',
Math. Ann. '''14'''(4), 557--566 (1879).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=CwgPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557
(PDF mathann-V14.pdf)
[[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01445142 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/braunmuehl79-fig.pdf
* A. v. Braunmühl,[[BR]]
''Geodätische Linien und ihre Enveloppen auf dreiaxigen Flächen
zweiten Grades [Geodesic lines and their envelopes on
three-dimensional surfaces of second order]'',
Math. Ann. '''20'''(4), 557--586 (1882).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YQkPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557
(PDF mathann-V20.pdf)
[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01540145 [[BR]]
figures:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/braunmuehl82-fig.pdf
* A. v. Braunmühl,[[BR]]
''Über die reducirte Länge eines geodätischen Bogens und die Bildung
jener Flächen deren Normalen eine gegebene Fläche berühren [The reduced
length of a geodesic and the formation of surfaces whose normals touch a
given surface]'',
Abhand. König. Bay. Akad. der Wiss. '''14'''(3), 93--110 (1883).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=1qRGAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA91
(PDF bayerisch-V14.pdf)
* H. Bruns,[[BR]]
''Bemerkung über die geodätische Linie [A remark about the geodesic
line]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''10'''(7), 298--301 (1881).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=spZIAAAAMAAJ&pg=298 (PDF zvermess-V10.pdf)
* J. Lüroth,[[BR]]
''Notiz über die Rectification eines Ellipsenbogens
[The rectification of an elliptical arc],''
Z. f. Vermess. '''10'''(5), 225--226 (1881).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=spZIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225
(PDF zvermess-V10.pdf)
* J. Lüroth,[[BR]]
''Eine Gleichung zwischen den Längen, Breiten und Azimuten dreier
Erdorte [An equation between the longitudes, latitudes, and azimuths
for three points on the earth]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''15'''(21), 529--535 (1886).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=m5hIAAAAMAAJ&pg=529 (PDF zvermess-V15.pdf)
* C. T. Albrecht,[[BR]]
''Über die Umkehrung der Bessel'schen Methode der sphäroidischen Übertragung
[Inverting Bessel's method for the spheroidal problem]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''96'''(2294), 209--218 (1880).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880AN.....96..209A [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18790961402
* C. T. Albrecht,[[BR]]
''Formeln und Hülfstafeln für geographische Ortsbestimmungen
[Formulas and tables for geographic calculations]''
(3rd edition, Engelmann, Leipzig, 1894).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=muYRAAAAYAAJ (PDF albrecht94.pdf)
* H. v. Mangoldt,[[BR]]
''Über diejenigen Punkte auf positiv gekrümmten Flächen, welche die
Eigenschaft haben, dass die von ihnen ausgehenden geodätischen Linien
nie aufhören, kürzeste Linien zu sein [The points on positively
curved surfaces, which have the property that the geodesic lines
emanating from them never cease to be shortest lines]'',
Jour. Crelle '''91''', 23--53 (1881).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vQYPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 (PDF crelle-V91.pdf)
[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1881.91.23
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Über die Bestimmung des mittleren Winkelmessungsfehlers einer nach
der Bessel'schen Methode ausgeglichenen Triangulirung [The average error
in angle measurments with Bessel's method of balanced triangulation]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''89'''(2114), 27--30 (1877).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877AN.....89...27J [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18770890204
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Elementare Begründung des Fundamentalsatzes über die geodätische Linie
auf einer Umdrehungsfläche [Elementary derivation of the fundamental
theorem for the geodesic line on a surface of revolution]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''9'''(7), 297--298 (1880).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=r5RIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297
(PDF zvermess-V9.pdf)
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Bemerkungen zur Rectification eines Meridianbogens
[Comment on the rectification of an elliptical arc],''
Z. f. Vermess. '''11'''(23), 622--625 (1882).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=fK9IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA622
(PDF zvermess-V11.pdf)
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Neue Auflösung der geodätischen Hauptaufgabe und ihrer Umkehrung [A
new solution for the principal geodesic problem and its inverse]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''12'''(3), 65--82 (1883).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=QrBIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65
(PDF zvermess-V12.pdf)
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Elementare Begründung der Beziehungen zwischen der Linie und den
Normalschnitten [Elementary derivation of the relationship between the
line and the normal sections]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''13'''(10), 238--241 (1884).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=7YNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=238
(PDF zvermess-V13.pdf)
* W. Jordan,[[BR]]
''Handbuch der Vermessungskunde [Handbook of Surveying]'',
Vol. 3 (4th edition, Metzler, Stuggart, 1896), Chaps. 6--10.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=4KgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA361 (PDF jordan4-V3.pdf)
[[BR]]English translation (of 8th edition, 1941):
''Jordan's Handbook of Geodesy'', by M. W. Carta (Army Map
Service, 1962), Vol. 3, 2nd half, Chaps. 1--5.[[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34429043 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35316
* C. H. Kummell,[[BR]]
''Solution of Problem 155'',
Tha Analyst '''4'''(4), 117--120 (1877).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=eKYEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA117
(PDF analyst-V3-4.pdf)
* C. H. Kummell,[[BR]]
''Alignment of curves on any surface, with special application
to the ellipsoid'',
Bull. Phil. Soc. Washington '''6''', 123--132 (1883).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=z6kWAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA123
(PDF philsocwash-V4-6.pdf)
* C. H. Kummell,[[BR]]
''On the determination of the shortest distance
between two points on a spheroid'',
Astron. Nachr. '''112'''(2671), 97--108 (1885).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1885AN....112...97K [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18851120702
* S. Lie,[[BR]]
''Untersuchungen über geodätischen Curben
[On geodesic curves]'',
Math. Ann. '''20'''(3), 357--454 (1882).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YQkPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA357
(PDF mathann-V20.pdf)
[[[BR]] https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01443601
* A. Brill,[[BR]]
''Zur Theorie der geodätischen Linie und des geodätischen Dreiecks
[The theory of geodesic lines and geodesic trangles]'',
Abhand. König. Bay. Akad. der Wiss. '''14'''(2), 111--140 (1883).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=1qRGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110-IA1
(PDF bayerisch-V14.pdf)
* J. H. L. Krüger,[[BR]]
''Die geodätische Linie des Sphäroids und Untersuchung darüber, wann
dieselbe aufhört, kürzeste Linie zu sein [The geodesic line on a
spheroid and an investigation on the properties when it ceases being
the shortest path]'',
Inaugural-Dissertation, Univ. Tübingen (Schade, Berlin, 1883).[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/krueger83.pdf
* J. H. L. Krüger,[[BR]]
''Konforme Abbildung des Erdellipsoids in der Ebene
[Conformal mapping of the ellipsoidal earth to the plane]'',
Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute, New Series 52, 172 pp. (1912),
Secs. 24--40.[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-krueger28
* C. Haupt,[[BR]]
''Die Ausgleichung grosser geodätischer Dreiecke [The adjustment of
large geodesic triangles]'',
Astron. Nachr. '''107'''(2549--2550), 65--84 (1883).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1883AN....107...65H [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18841070501
* P. Frost,[[BR]]
''Solid Geometry''
(3rd edition, Macmillan, 1886), Chap. 23.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA305 (PDF frost86.pdf)
* C. M. Schols,[[BR]]
''La courbure de la projection de la ligne géodésique
[The curvature of the projection of a geodesic]'',
Ann. l'École Poly. Delft '''2''', 179--230 (1886).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw1HAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA179
(PDF anndelft-V1-3.pdf)
* H. Resal,[[BR]]
''Note sur la courbure des lignes géodésiques d'une surface de
révolution [On the curvature of geodesics on a surface of revolution]'',
Nouv. Ann. de Math. (Ser. 3) '''6''', 57--60 (1887).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=QNw_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA57
(PDF nouvannmath-V6.pdf)
* G. H. Halphen,[[BR]]
''Traité des Fonctions Elliptiques et de leurs Applications
[A Treatise on Elliptic Functions and their Applications]'',
Vol. 2 (Gauthier-Villars, 1888), Chaps. 6--7.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=7C3vAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA237 (PDF halphen88.pdf)
* A. Voss,[[BR]]
''Über diejenigen Flächen auf denen zwei Schaaren geodätischer Linien
ein conjugirtes System bilden [Surfaces on which two sets of geodesics
make a conjugate system]'',
Sitz. König. Akad. der Wiss. München '''18''', 95--102 (1888).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=5zoEAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA95
(PDF sitzmuenchen-V17-18.pdf)
* J. Knoblauch,[[BR]]
''Einleitung in die allgemeine Theorie der krummen Flächen
[Introduction to the general theory of curved surfaces]''
(Teubner, Leipzig, 1888), Secs. 53--59, pp. 137--159.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=zPdMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137
(PDF knoblauch88.pdf)
* O. Börsch,[[BR]]
''Geodätische Literatur [Geodetic Bibliography]''
(Internationale Erdmessung, 1889).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=AZUZAAAAMAAJ (PDF boersch89.pdf)
* J. H. Gore,[[BR]]
''A Bibliography of Geodesy''
(US Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1889).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=K38hAAAAMAAJ (PDF gore89.pdf) [[BR]]
1903 edition:
https://archive.org/stream/bibliographyofge00gorerich#page/431
* J. H. Gore,[[BR]]
''Elements of Geodesy''
(3rd edition, Wiley, 1893), Chap. 1.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=h-8ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 (PDF gore93.pdf)
* J. G. Darboux,[[BR]]
''Sur une série de lignes analogues aux lignes géodésiques [A series of
lines analogous to geodesics]'',
Ann. l'École Norm. '''7''', 175--180 (1870).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=PHZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA175
* J. G. Darboux,[[BR]]
''Leçons sur la Théorie Générale des Surfaces
[Lessons on the General Theory of Surfaces]'',
Vol. 2 (Gauthier-Villars, 1889), Book 4, Chap. 14.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=_apXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA291 (PDF darboux89.pdf)
* J. G. Darboux,[[BR]]
''Leçons sur la Théorie Générale des Surfaces
[Lessons on the General Theory of Surfaces]'',
Vol. 3 (Gauthier-Villars, 1894), Book 6, Chaps. 1--3.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=hGMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 (PDF darboux94.pdf)
* M. F. Khandrikov,[[BR]]
''Odno iz resheniy osnovnogo voprosa geodezii [One solution to the
fundamental problem of geodesy]'',
Matematicheskiy sbornik '''17'''(3), 575--586 (1894).[[BR]]
http://mi.mathnet.ru/msb7284 [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=34_xAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA575
(PDF matsbornik-V17.pdf)
* G. N. Shebuev,[[BR]]
''Geometricheskiye osnovaniya geodezii na trekhosnom ellipsoide,
ves'ma malo otlichayushchemsya ot sferoida [Geometric bases of geodesy
on a triaxial ellipsoid, very little different from a spheroid]'',
Trudy Topografo-geodezicheskoy komissii '''5''', 70--97 (1896).[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/shebuev96.pdf
* G. N. Shebuev,[[BR]]
''Rasstoyaniya, azimuty i treugolniki na trekhosnom ellipsoide, malo
otlichayushchemsya ot sfery Geometricheskiye osnovaniya geodezii na
trekhosnom ellipsoide, ves'ma malo otlichayushchemsya ot sferoida
[Distances, azimuths, and triangles on a triaxial ellipsoid, little
different from a sphere]'',
Trudy Topografo-geodezicheskoy komissii '''8''', 1--72 (1898).[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/shebuev98.pdf
* A. R. Forsyth,[[BR]]
''Geodesics on quadrics, not of revolution'',
Proc. London Math. Soc. '''27''', 250--280 (1896).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=vUOcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA250
(PDF londonmathsoc-V27.pdf) [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s1-27.1.250
* A. R. Forsyth,[[BR]]
''Geodesics on an oblate spheroid'', Mess. Math. '''25''', 81--124 (1896);
''Conjugate points of geodesics on an oblate spheroid'',
Mess. Math. '''25''', 161--169 (1896).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YsAKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81
(PDF messmath-V25.pdf) [[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YsAKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA161 [[BR]]
unreadable page:
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/forsyth96b-add.pdf
* A. R. Forsyth,[[BR]]
''Lectures on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces'',
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1912), Chap. 5.[[BR]]
https://archive.org/details/cu31924060289141
* A. Klingatsch,[[BR]]
''Zur Identität der kürzesten mit der geodätischen Linie [On the
indentity of the shortest line with the geodesic]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''26'''(21), 614--615 (1897).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=YJVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=614 (PDF zvermess-V26.pdf)
* J. S. Hadamard,[[BR]]
''Sur certaines propriétés des trajectoires en Dynamique
[On certain properties of trajectories in dynamics]'',
J. Math. Pures Appl. (Ser. 5) '''3''', 331--388 (1897).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1897_5_3_A12_0.pdf
* J. S. Hadamard,[[BR]]
''Les surfaces à courbures opposées et leurs lignes géodésiques
[Surfaces with negative curvature and their geodesics]'',
J. Math. Pures Appl. (Ser. 5) '''4''', 27--74 (1898).[[BR]]
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1898_5_4_A3_0.pdf
* J. S. Hadamard,[[BR]]
''Sur la forme des lignes géodésiques à l'infini et sur les
géodésiques des surfaces réglées du second ordre [On geodesics at
infinity and on geodesics on ruled surfaces of second order],''
Bull. Soc. Math. France '''26''', 195--216 (1898).[[BR]]
http://www.numdam.org/item?id=BSMF_1898__26__195_0
* R. Fricke,[[BR]]
''Kurzgefasste Vorlesungen über verschiedene Gebiete der
höheren Mathematik mit Berücksichtigung der Anwendungen
[Concise lectures on various areas of higher mathematics, with
applications]''
(Teubner, Leipzig 1900), Chap. 5, Sec. 3, pp. 293--305.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=bSsLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA293 (PDF fricke00.pdf)
* L. Crawford,[[BR]]
''The general equation of a geodesic on a surface of revolution
applied to the sphere'',
Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. '''19''', 57--61 (1900).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0013091500032624
* L. Bianchi,[[BR]]
''Lezioni di Geometria Differenziale
[Lessons in Differential Geometry]'', Vol. 1
(2nd edition, Spoerri, Pisa, 1902), Chap. 6.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=U7ALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179 (PDF bianchi02.pdf)
[[BR]]German translation:
''Vorlesungen über Differentialgeometrie'',
by M. Lukat,
(Teubner, Leipzig 1899), Chap. 6.[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146 (PDF bianchi99.pdf)
* F. N. Krasovsky,[[BR]]
''Opredeleniye razmerov zemnogo trekhosnogo ellipsoida iz rezultatov
russkikh gradusnykh izmereniy [Determination of the size of the Earth
triaxial ellipsoid from the results of the Russian arc
measurements]'',
Memorial Book of the Konstantinovsky Mezhevoy Institute for 1900--1901
(Russian Association of Printing and Publishing, Moscow, 1902),
pp. 19--54,
in ''Selected Works'', Vol 1 (Geodezizdat, Moscow, 1953),
pp. 23--49.[[BR]]
https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/geodesic-papers/krasovsky02.pdf [[BR]]
http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-krasovskiy-fnizbrannye-sochineniyav-4-h-tomahtom-imgeodezizdat1953.pdf
* F. N. Krasovsky,[[BR]]
''Obzor i rezultaty sovremennykh gradusnykh izmereniy [Review and
results of modern arc measurements]'',
Geodezist, No. 6-12 (1936),
in ''Selected Works'', Vol 1 (Geodezizdat, Moscow, 1953),
pp. 82--178.[[BR]]
http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-krasovskiy-fnizbrannye-sochineniyav-4-h-tomahtom-imgeodezizdat1953.pdf
* F. N. Krasovsky,[[BR]]
''Rukovodstvo po Vysshei Geodezii [Guide to Higher Geodesy]'',
Part 2 (Geodezizdat, Moscow, 1942), 560 pp.,
in ''Selected Works'', Vol 4 (Geodezizdat, Moscow, 1955),
pp. 4--549.[[BR]]
http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-krasovskiy-fnizbrannye-sochineniyav-4-h-tomahtom-ivmgeodezizdat1955.pdf
* J. H. Poincaré,[[BR]]
''Sur les lignes géodésiques des surfaces convexes
[Geodesics lines on convex surfaces]'',
Trans. AMS '''6'''(3), 237--274 (1905).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.2307/1986219 [[BR]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986219
* J. Frischauf,[[BR]]
''Zur Berechnung sphäroidischer Dreiecke [Calculating spheroidal
triangles]'',
Z. f. Vermess. '''37'''(20), 534--539 (1908).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=EKJIAAAAMAAJ&pg=534 (PDF zvermess-V37.pdf)
* L. P. Eisenhart,[[BR]]
''A Treatise on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces''
(Ginn & Co., Boston, 1909).[[BR]]
https://books.google.com/books?id=hkENAAAAYAAJ (PDF eisenhart09.pdf)
* O. S. Adams,[[BR]]
''Latitude developments connected with geodesy and cartography'',
Spec. Pub. 67 (US Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1921), Appendix.[[BR]]
https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cgs_specpubs/QB275U35no671921.pdf
* L. A. Lyusternik and L. G. Schnirelmann,[[BR]]
''Sur le problème de trois géodésiques fermées sur les surfaces de
genre 0 [The problem of three closed geodesics on surfaces of genus
0]'',
Comptes Rendus '''189''', 269--271 (1929).[[BR]]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3142j/f269
* L. E. Ward,[[BR]]
''Geodesics and plane arcs on an oblate spheroid'',
American Math. Monthly '''50'''(7), 423--429 (1943).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.2307/2303665
* P. D. Thomas,[[BR]]
''Conformal projections in geodesy and cartography'',
Spec. Pub. 251 (US Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1952), pp. 63--66.[[BR]]
https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cgs_specpubs/QB275U35no2511952.pdf
* P. D. Thomas,[[BR]]
''Mathematical models for navigation systems'',
TR-182 (US Naval Oceanographic Office, 1965).[[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0627893
* P. D. Thomas,[[BR]]
''Spheroidal geodesics, reference systems, and local geometry'',
SP-138 (US Naval Oceanographic Office, 1970).[[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0703541
* M. S. Molodensky,[[BR]]
''Novyy metod resheniya geodezicheskikh zadach [A new method for
solving geodetic problems]'',
Trudy TsNIIGAiK '''103''', 3--21 (1954),
in ''Selected Works, Gravitational Field'' (Nauka, Moscow, 2001),
pp. 250--268.[[BR]]
http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/M/MOLODENSKIY_Mihail_Sergeevich/_Molodenskiy_M.S..html
* T. Harada,[[BR]]
''Formula for calculating latitude of a point when meridian length
from equator to it is given'' (in Japanese),
J. Geodetic Soc. Jap. '''6'''(3), 75--77 (1960).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.11366/sokuchi1954.6.75
* T. Harada,[[BR]]
''A solution of the second problem on the long geodesic line on an
oblate spheroid'' (in Japanese),
J. Geodetic Soc. Jap. '''8'''(1), 23-28 (1962).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.11366/sokuchi1954.8.23
* G. V. Bagratuni,[[BR]]
''Kurs Sferoidicheskoi Geodezii [Course in Spheroidal Geodesy]''
(Moscow, 1962).[[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37391023 [[BR]]
English translation:
FTD-MT-64-390 (US Air Force, Feb. 1967).[[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0650520 [[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6150611 [[BR]]
clean copy:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32371
* E. M. Sodano and T. A. Robinson,[[BR]]
''Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics'',
Tech. Rep. 7 Rev. (Army Map Service, 1963).[[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0657591
* E. A. Lewis,[[BR]]
''Parametric formulas for geodesic curves and distances on a
slightly oblate Earth'',
AFCRL-63-485 (US Air Force, Apr. 1963).[[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0412501
* W. Köhnlein,[[BR]]
''Geodesics on an equipotential surface of revolution'',
Special Report 144, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1964).[[BR]]
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964SAOSR.144.....K
* V. N. Gan'shin,[[BR]]
''Geometriya Zemnogo Ellipsoida [Geometry of the Earth Ellipsoid]''
(Moscow, 1967), Chaps. 5--7.[[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78077777 [[BR]]
English translation: by J. M. Willis, ACIC-TC-1473,
Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (St. Louis, 1969).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32854 [[BR]]
http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0689507 [[BR]]
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493553
* Y. G. Ostromukhov and I. I. Radimov,[[BR]]
''Printsipy Resheniya Pryamoy i Obratnoy Geodezicheskikh Zadach pri
pomoshchi Tsifrovykh Vychislitelnykh Mashin [Principles of Solving
Direct and Inverse Geodetic Problems using Digital Computers]'',
(Sudostroenie, Leningrad, 1973), 85 pp.[[BR]]
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495727
* E. J. Krakiwsky and D. B. Thomson,[[BR]]
''Geodetic position computations'',
Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Lecture Notes 39,
Univ. of New Brunswick (1974), Secs. 3--4.[[BR]]
http://www2.unb.ca/gge/Pubs/LN39.pdf
* T. Vincenty,[[BR]]
''Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with
application of nested equations'',
Survey Review '''23''' (misprinted as '''22''') (176), 88--93 (1975);
Addendum: Survey Review '''23'''(180), 294 (1976).[[BR]]
https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/inverse.pdf [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.1975.23.176.88 [[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.1976.23.180.293
* T. Vincenty,[[BR]]
''Geodetic inverse solution between antipodal points'',
unpublished report, DMAAC (Aug. 28, 1975).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32999
* V. P. Morozov,[[BR]]
''Kurs Sferoidicheskoy Geodezii [A Course in Spheroidal Geodesy]''
(2nd edition, Nedra, Moscow, 1979) 296 pp.[[BR]]
http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-morozov-vpkurs-sferoidicheskoy-geodeziimnedra1979.pdf
* N. A. Bespalov,[[BR]]
''Metody Resheniya Zadach Sferoidicheskoy Geodezii [Methods for
Solving Problems of Spheroidal Geodesy]''
(Nedra, Moscow, 1980), 287 pp.[[BR]]
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495726
* J. P. Snyder,[[BR]]
''Map projections: a working manual'',
Professional Paper 1395 (US Geological Survey, 1987).[[BR]]
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395
* R. Bourbon,[[BR]]
''Geodesic line on the surface of a spheroid'',
J. Navigation '''43'''(1), 132--135 (1990).[[BR]]
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463300013886
* R. H. Rapp,[[BR]]
''Geometric geodesy, Part I'',
Dept. of Geodetic Science and Surveying,
Ohio State Univ. (1991), Chaps. 4 & 6.[[BR]]
http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24333
* R. H. Rapp,[[BR]]
''Geometric geodesy, Part II'',
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https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/77986
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