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Lucifer 提交于 2014-02-06 17:05 . Programming in D in English
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">



<head>

<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />

<title>Member Functions</title>

</head>



<body>



<h4 style="margin: 1.25em 0.5em 0.5em 8px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Member Functions</h4>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Although this chapter focuses only on structs, most of the information in this 

chapter is applicable to classes as well.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

In this chapter we will cover member functions of structs and define the special<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

function that is used for representing objects in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>format.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

When a struct or class is defined, usually a number of functions are also 

defined alongside with it. We have seen examples of such functions in the 

earlier chapters:<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">addDuration()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and 

an overload of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code>have 

been written specifically to be used with the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>type. 

In a sense, these two functions define the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">interface</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code>.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The first parameter of both<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">addDuration()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>has 

been the<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>object 

that each function would be operating on. Additionally, just like all of the 

other functions that we have seen so far, both of the functions have been 

defined at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">module 

level</i>, outside of any other scope.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The concept of a set of functions determining the interface of a struct is very 

common. For that reason, functions that are closely related to a type can be 

defined within the body of that type.</p>

<h5 style="margin: 1.25em 0.5em 0.5em 8px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.25em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Defining member functions</h5>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Functions that are defined within the curly brackets of a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>are 

called<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">member 

functions</i>:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> SomeStruct

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">member_function</i>(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">/* the parameters of the function */</span>)

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ... the definition of the function ...

</span>    }



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ... the other members of the struct ...

</span>}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Member functions are accessed the same way as member variables, separated from 

the name of the object by a dot:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">object.member_function(arguments)</i>;

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

We have used member functions before when specifying<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">stdin</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">stdout</code>explicitly 

during input and output operations:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    stdin.readf(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot; %s&quot;</span>, &amp;number);

    stdout.writeln(number);

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">readf()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">writeln()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>above 

are member function calls, operating on the objects<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">stdin</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">stdout</code>, 

respectively.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Let&#39;s define<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>as 

a member function. Its previous definition has been the following:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> info(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> TimeOfDay time)

{

    writef(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%02s:%02s&quot;</span>, time.hour, time.minute);

}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Making<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>a 

member function is not as simple as moving its definition inside the struct. The 

function must be modified in two ways:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> hour;

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> minute;



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> info()    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// (1)

</span>    {

        writef(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%02s:%02s&quot;</span>, hour, minute);    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// (2)

</span>    }

}

</pre>

<ol style="margin: 1em 1em 0.75em 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	The member function does not take the object explicitly as a parameter.</li>

	<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	For that reason, it refers to the member variables simply as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hour</code>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">minute</code>.</li>

</ol>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The reason is that member functions are always called on an existing object. The 

object is implicitly available to the member function:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> time = TimeOfDay(10, 30);

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">time.</span>info();

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

function is being called on the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">time</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>object 

above. The members<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hour</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">minute</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>that 

are referred to within the function definition correspond to the members of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">time</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>object, 

specifically<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">time.hour</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">time.minute</code>.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The member function call above is almost the equivalent of the following regular 

function call:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    time.info();    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// member function

</span>    info(time);     <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// regular function (the previous definition)

</span></pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Whenever a member function is called on an object, the members of the object are 

implicitly accessible by the function:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> morning = TimeOfDay(10, 0);

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> evening = TimeOfDay(22, 0);



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">morning.</span>info();

    write(&#39;-&#39;);

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">evening.</span>info();

    writeln();

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

When called on<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">morning</code>, 

the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hour</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">minute</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>that 

are used inside the member function refer to<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">morning.hour</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">morning.minute</code>. 

Similarly, when called on<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">evening</code>, 

they refer to<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">evening.hour</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">evening.minute</code>:</p>

<pre class="shell" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10:00-22:00

</pre>

<h6 style="margin: 1.25em 0.5em 0.5em 8px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>for<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>representations</h6>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

We have discussed the limitations of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>function 

in the previous chapter. There is at least one more inconvenience with it: 

Although it prints the time in human-readable format, printing the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&#39;-&#39;</code>character 

and terminating the line still needs to be done explicitly by the programmer.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

However, it would be more convenient if<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>objects 

could be used as easy as fundamental types as in the following code:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    writefln(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%s-%s&quot;</span>, morning, evening);

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

In addition to reducing four lines of code to one, it would also allow printing 

objects to any stream:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> file = File(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;time_information&quot;</span>, <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;w&quot;</span>);

    file.writefln(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%s-%s&quot;</span>, morning, evening);

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

funcion of user-defined types are treated specially: It is called automatically 

to produce the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code>representations 

of objects.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>must 

return the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code>representation 

of the object.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Without getting into more detail, let&#39;s first see how the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code>function 

is defined:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">import</span> std.stdio;



<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> hour;

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> minute;



    string toString()

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;todo&quot;</span>;

    }

}



<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> main()

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> morning = TimeOfDay(10, 0);

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> evening = TimeOfDay(22, 0);



    writefln(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%s-%s&quot;</span>, morning, evening);

}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>does not produce 

anything meaningful yet, but the output shows that it has been called by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">writefln()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>twice 

for the two object:</p>

<pre class="shell" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">todo-todo

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Also note that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is 

not needed anymore.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is 

replacing its functionality.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The simplest implementation of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>would 

be to call<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">format()</code>of 

the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">std.string</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>module.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">format()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>works 

in the same way as the formatted output functions like<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">writef()</code>. 

The only difference is that instead of printing variables, it returns the 

formatted result in<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>format.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>can simply return 

the result of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">format()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>directly:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">import</span> std.string;

<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ...

</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ...

</span>    string toString()

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">format</span>(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%02s:%02s&quot;</span>, hour, minute);

    }

}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Note that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>returns 

the representation of only<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">this</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>object. 

The rest of the output is handled by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">writefln()</code>: 

It calls the<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

function for the two objects separately, prints the<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&#39;-&#39;</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>character 

in between, and finally terminates the line:</p>

<pre class="shell" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10:00-22:00

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The definition of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>that 

is explained above does not take any parameters; it simply produces a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">string</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and 

returns it. An alternative definition of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>takes 

a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">delegate</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>parameter. 

We will see that definition later in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ddili.org/ders/d.en/lambda.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the 

Function Pointers, Delegates, and Lambdas chapter</a>.</p>

<h6 style="margin: 1.25em 0.5em 0.5em 8px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Example:<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">increment()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

function</h6>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Let&#39;s define a member function that adds a duration to<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code>objects.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Before doing that, let&#39;s first correct a design flaw that we have been living 

with. We have seen in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ddili.org/ders/d.en/struct.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Structs 

chapter</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>that adding two<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>objects 

in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">addDuration()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is 

not a meaningful operation:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay addDuration(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> TimeOfDay start,

                      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> TimeOfDay duration)    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// meaningless

</span>{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ...

</span>}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

What is natural to add to a point in time is<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">duration</i>. 

For example, adding the travel duration to the departure time would result in 

the arrival time.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

On the other hand, subtracting two points in time is a natural operation, in 

which case the result would be a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">duration</i>.</p>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

The following program defines a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Duration</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>struct 

with minute-precision, and an<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">addDuration()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>function 

that uses it:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> Duration

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> minute;

}



TimeOfDay addDuration(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> TimeOfDay start,

                      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> Duration duration)

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// Begin with a copy of start

</span>    TimeOfDay result = start;



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// Add the duration to it

</span>    result.minute += duration.minute;



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// Take care of overflows

</span>    result.hour += result.minute / 60;

    result.minute %= 60;

    result.hour %= 24;



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">return</span> result;

}



<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</span>

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// A trivial test

</span>    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(addDuration(TimeOfDay(10, 30), Duration(10))

           == TimeOfDay(10, 40));



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// A time at midnight

</span>    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(addDuration(TimeOfDay(23, 9), Duration(51))

           == TimeOfDay(0, 0));



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// A time in the next day

</span>    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(addDuration(TimeOfDay(17, 45), Duration(8 * 60))

           == TimeOfDay(1, 45));

}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Let&#39;s redefine a similar function this time as a member function.<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">addDuration()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>has 

been producing a new object as its result. Let&#39;s define an<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">increment()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

function that will directly modify<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">this</i>object 

instead:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> Duration

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> minute;

}



<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> hour;

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int</span> minute;



    string toString()

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">return</span> format(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">&quot;%02s:%02s&quot;</span>, hour, minute);

    }



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">increment</span>(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> Duration duration)

    {

        minute += duration.minute;



        hour += minute / 60;

        minute %= 60;

        hour %= 24;

    }



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</span>

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> time = TimeOfDay(10, 30);



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// A trivial test

</span>        time<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.increment</span>(Duration(10));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(10, 40));



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// 15 hours later must be in the next day

</span>        time<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.increment</span>(Duration(15 * 60));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(1, 40));



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// 22 hours 20 minutes later must be midnight

</span>        time<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 136); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.increment</span>(Duration(22 * 60 + 20));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(0, 0));

    }

}

</pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

increment()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>increments the 

value of the object by the specified amount of duration. In a later chapter we 

will see how the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">operator 

overloading</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>feature of D will 

make it possible to add a duration by the<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">+=</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>operator 

syntax:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    time += Duration(10);    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// to be explained in a later chapter

</span></pre>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Also note that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>blocks 

can be written inside<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</code>definitions 

as well, mostly for testing member functions. It is still possible to move such<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>blocks 

outside of the body of the struct:</p>

<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ... struct definition ...

</span>}



<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</span>

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ... struct tests ...

</span>}

</pre>

<h5 style="margin: 1.25em 0.5em 0.5em 8px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.25em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

Exercises</h5>

<ol style="margin: 1em 1em 0.75em 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	Add a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">decrement()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

	function to<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">TimeOfDay</code>, 

	which should reduce the time by the specified amount of duration. Similar to<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">increment()</code>, 

	it should<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">underflow</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>to 

	the previous day when there is not enough time in the current day. For 

	example, subtracting 10 minutes from 00:05 should result in 23:55.<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	In other words, implement<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">decrement()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>to 

	pass the following unit tests:</p>

	<pre class="d_code" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 204, 153); outline: 0px; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">struct</span> TimeOfDay

{

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ...

</span>

    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">void</span> decrement(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in</span> Duration duration)

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// ... please implement this function ...

</span>    }



    <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">unittest</span>

    {

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">auto</span> time = TimeOfDay(10, 30);



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// A trivial test

</span>        time.decrement(Duration(12));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(10, 18));



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// 3 days and 11 hours earlier

</span>        time.decrement(Duration(3 * 24 * 60 + 11 * 60));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(23, 18));



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// 23 hours and 18 minutes earlier must be midnight

</span>        time.decrement(Duration(23 * 60 + 18));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(0, 0));



        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: green; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">// 1 minute earlier

</span>        time.decrement(Duration(1));

        <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: blue; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">assert</span>(time == TimeOfDay(23, 59));

    }

}

</pre>

	</li>

	<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	Convert<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Meeting</code>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Meal</code>, 

	and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">DailyPlan</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>overloads 

	of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>to<code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>member 

	functions as well. (See<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://ddili.org/ders/d.en/function_overloading.cozum.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the 

	exercise solutions of the Function Overloading chapter</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>for 

	their<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">info()</code><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>overloads.)<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	You will notice that in addition to making their respective structs more 

	convenient, the implementations of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><code class="d_inline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 34, 34); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">toString()</code>member 

	functions will all consist of single lines.</p>

	</li>

</ol>

<p style="margin: 0.75em 1em 0.75em 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

<a href="http://ddili.org/ders/d.en/member_functions.cozum.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" target="ddili_cozum">

<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

... the solutions</i></a></p>

<div id="ders_nav_son" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; float: right; width: 190px; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">

	[<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="functionoverloading.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Prev&nbsp;</a>] 

	&nbsp; [<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="constmemberfunctions.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: purple; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Next&nbsp;</a>]</div>



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